Introduction To 8051 Micro-Controller.
What is Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a
compact integrated circuit (IC) designed to perform a specific task or set of
tasks within an embedded system. It contains the essential components of a
small computer:
Key Components of a Microcontroller:
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The "brain" that processes instructions.
Memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary data storage for running tasks.
ROM/Flash – Stores the program or firmware.
Input/Output (I/O) Ports – Interfaces for connecting sensors, buttons, displays, etc.
Timers/Counters – For time-based operations.
Peripherals – Such as ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converters), communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C), PWM modules, etc.
What is RISC?
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) is a type of computer processor architecture that uses a small and highly optimized set of simple instructions, each designed to execute in one clock cycle. The instruction Set of RISC is small, also the instruction format is simple.
What is CISC?
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) is a type of computer processor architecture that uses a large number of complex instructions, where each instruction can do multiple tasks in one step.
What is Von Neuman's Architecture?
A Von Neuman Architecture is a type of architecture in which the central processing unit (CPU) and memory are stored in the same memory and use the Same busses for communication.
What is Harward Architecture?
A Harward Architecture is a type of architecture in which the central processing unit (CPU) and memory are stored in different memory and use different busses for communication.
The 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular and widely used microcontrollers in embedded systems and electronics. It was originally developed by Intel in 1980 and is still used today in education, industry, and small devices.
Block Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller:-
pin Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller:-
8051 microcontroller is a 40-pin Dual Inline Package (DIP). These 40 pins serve different functions like read, write, I/O operations, interrupts, etc. 8051 has four I/O ports where each port has 8 pins which can be configured as input or output pins. Therefore, 32 out of these 40 pins are dedicated to I/O ports. The rest of the pins are dedicated to VCC, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, ALE, EA' and PSEN'. The pin diagram of the 8051 microcontroller is given below :
Pin 9 (RST) - Reset pin. It is used to reset the hardware.
Pin 10 to Pin 17 (Port 3) - Pin 10 to Pin 17 are port 3 pins which are also referred to as P3.0 to P3.7. These pins are similar to port 1 and can be used as universal input or output pins.
Pin 10 (RXD): The 10th pin is RXD (serial data receive pin) which is for serial input.
Pin 11 (TXD): The 11th pin is TXD (serial data transmit pin) which is the serial output pin.
P17 (RD'): The 17th pin is for external memory reading i.e. reading data from external memory.
Pin 18 and Pin 19 (XTAL2 And XTAL1) - These pins are connected to an external oscillator.
Pin 20 (GND) - This pin is connected to the ground. It has to be provided with a 0V power supply.
Pin 21 to Pin 28 (Port 2) - Pin 21 to Pin 28 are port 2 pins also referred to as P2.0 to P2.7. These pins are bidirectional.
Pin 29 (PSEN) - PSEN stands for Program Store Enable. This is used to read external memory.
Pin 30 (ALE/ PROG) - ALE stands for Address Latch Enable. It is an input, active-high pin. This pin is used to distinguish between memory chips when multiple memory chips are used.
Pin 31 (EA/ VPP) - EA stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable external memory interfacing.
Pin 32 to Pin 39 (Port 0) - Pin 32 to Pin 39 are port 0 pins also referred to as P0.0 to P0.7. They are bidirectional input/output pins. They don't have any internal pull-ups.
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